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Alcoholism And Hypertension The Rising Concerns Of...

Alcoholism and Hypertension Introduction Alcohol and hypertension are two rising concerns in national and global health. According to the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (2014), 56.9% of adults in the United States have participated in drinking in the last month. Furthermore, 24.7% adults reported to participating in heavy or binge drinking. The World Health Organization (WHO) reports that in 2012, 3.3 million deaths or 5.9% of all global deaths were linked to alcohol consumption and within the United States 88,000 people died from alcohol related causes making it the fourth leading preventable cause of death in the United States (Stahre, Roeber, Kanny, 2014). The abundance of alcohol consumption has shown to lead to high rates of hypertension. Hypertension is defined at a systolic blood pressure of 140 mmHg or greater. In the United States, 70 million or 29% of adults have high blood pressure (Nwankwo, Yoon, Burt, Gu 2013). High blood pressure is an indicator for higher risk of heart attack, stroke, heart failure, and kidney disease. The role of the heart is to pump blood and oxygen throughout the body, the presence of alcoholism compromises the heart and leads to a defective system. According to Fernandez-Sola (2015), the heart and vascular system are susceptible to the harmful effects of alcohol. Alcohol is an active toxin and undergoes widespread diffusion throughout the body. Alcohol consumption decreases myocardialShow MoreRelatedCommunity Health Nursing Final Exam Study Guide Essay15874 Words   |  64 Pagesï » ¿ NUR 420 Fall 2013 Final Exam Focus Areas -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1. Health care for homeless, why is it so costly? They typically have to stay in the hospital for a longer amount of time because they have a lot more co-morbidities that need to be treated. Being brought to the ED is extremely expensive. Critical interventions are very costly, and so are all the diagnostic tests that must be done. They usually don’tRead MoreNeophyte Essay11176 Words   |  45 Pages(AFN in Canada passed a resolution specifically directed at this emerging issue. ) f 2 As a result o this resolution, the AFN has identified the need for the development of a First Nations National Task Force on Crystal Meth to develop a Strategic Action Plan to Address the Emerging issue of Crystal Meth in First Nations Communities. Generally speaking, this paper provides basic information about crystal methamphetamine as well asRead MoreIndian Social Structure and Values Ethics in Business13564 Words   |  55 Pagessegments of the manufacturing sector as a major source of industrial growth. v) large scale programs of construction both of infrastructure and residential accommodation; and vi) expansion and strengthening of social infrastructure, education and health, particularly in rural areas. Impact on Family Structure : Industry and the Roles of Females : Social Problems : 1. Terrorism : Prof. Jenkins has defined terrorism as the use or threatened use of force designed to bring about a politicalRead MoreSAT Top 30 Essay Evidence18536 Words   |  75 Pagesthe characters and stories he wrote. He covered multiple wars as a journalist, and was wounded in combat. His writing is direct and honest, and brings the reader face to face with themes like love, death, honor, and war. Hemingway suffered from alcoholism and committed suicide in his country home in Idaho at the height of his fame. Facts: Hemingway was born to respected, educated parents in Chicago. From a young age he loved nature and the outdoors, a passion that would remain with him throughoutRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 PagesSupportive Communication Is Descriptive, Not Evaluative 248 Supportive Communication Is Problem-oriented, Not Person-oriented 250 Supportive Communication Validates Rather than Invalidates Individuals 251 Supportive Communication Is Specific (Useful), Not Global (Nonuseful) 253 Supportive Communication Is Conjunctive, Not Disjunctive 254 Supportive Communication Is Owned, Not Disowned 255 Supportive Communication Requires Supportive Listening, Not One-Way Message Delivery 256 The Personal Management Interview

“All the Single Ladies” by Kate Bolick (Rhetorical) Free Essays

In the 2011, November issue of The Atlantic, the cover article titled â€Å"All The Single Ladies† by Kate Bolick, was published. This powerful article presents a strong, independent, feminist-minded woman, who discusses marriage with the economic and demographic changes, the role of women and men in education and the workplace, and how these shifts are changing traditional marriage. Bolick uses ethos, pathos, and logos to reach out to the â€Å"Single Ladies†, the feminists, and the enlightened men about marriage in today’s quickly changing world. We will write a custom essay sample on â€Å"All the Single Ladies† by Kate Bolick (Rhetorical) or any similar topic only for you Order Now In recent years, there has been an explosion of male joblessness and a decline in male income, educational attainment, and employment prospects. However, in this brave new world women are rising to the top higher than ever in their education and careers. The world is consistently changing. In one-way which differs from the past is the variety of our interactions with the opposite sex. Now the opposite sex can be our classmates, bosses, or subordinates. Then come the debates that are all these statistics decreasing the group of traditionally â€Å"marriageable† men. Bolick explores how this new gender balance is giving people a fresh new outlook and prospect to re-think how they look at the institution of marriage. She explains how this shift is causing some women to choose to delay marriage, and why remaining single is not such a bad idea. Bolick demonstrates intrinsic ethos by being exceptionally knowledgeable about women’s success and the alterations of customary marriage. The single 39-year-old feminist, with a New York University master’s degree in cultural criticism is a recipient of a MacDowell fellowship. She has also taught writing, which shows Bolick’s extraordinary literary credentials. With a blend of personal reflection and reporting, she equally adds together reflecting on her own life and experiences as well as interviewing others about their lives and encounters. Bolick shares many of her own personal dating experiences. She chooses to write about these ideas for the reason that it is her life and the way she was raised. Bolick relies heavily on the strong influences and encouragement from her mother as seen throughout the article, â€Å"[Not being ready to settle down] is a second-wave feminist idea I’d acquired from my mother, who had embraced it, in part, I suspect, to correct for her own choices† (Bolick 118). Her mother learned from her own mistakes, and wanted nothing more but a future of limitless possibilities for her daughter. This is why there was so much stress on not being tied down just yet. Due to Katie Bolick’s upbringing and choice to be a single woman, has strengthened her argument and credentials and makes her a credible voice in the debate about marriage. Bolick begins her essay in an interesting and heartfelt way, where she uses pathos while reaching out to her reader’s hearts and capturing the reader’s interest. She specifically describes her break up with the perfect and exceptional boyfriend of three years for no good reason. Heartbreak is more than just an emotional defeat; it is painfully real. Readers connect and start to feel sorry for her when we read, â€Å"The period that followed was awful. I barely ate for sobbing all the time† (Bolick 116). This detached tone in her writing significantly shows and suggest Bolick’s attitude and feelings towards her painful past. Her readers can feel that this tone expresses tender emotions. Most members of her audience have likely been there before, recognizing the feeling of heartbreak she describes. However, at one point or another, the majority of people can relate to a mind numbing feeling: fears of being alone, fears of making a mistake. Bolick uses her emotional break up to engage the audience’s emotions as they imagine and relate to the feeling. Bolick enforces a logical appeal as she demonstrates being a strong user of data and statistics. She supports all her informative ideas and arguments with evidence, that provides for her claims. As seen throughout the article are facts to back up her initial idea, such as: â€Å"For starters, we keep putting marriage off. In 1960, the median age of first marriage in the U. S. was 23 for men and 20 for women; today it is 28 and 26† (Bolick 120). She uses several statistics to show the growing number of marriages being delayed nowadays. She also successfully compares statistics of men’s and women’s education and workplace accounts. She has clearly done a great deal of research and it is shown here as well as in all of her statistics. These statistics not only add surprise and interest to her writing, but also add logical appeal. With Bolick’s efficient use of the data and facts, the article backs itself with rationale and logic which leads the audience to a greater understanding and to logically infer and agree with her agreement of why the shift in marriages is currently on hold. These statistics displayed by the author are logically appealing and unmistakably apparent in her perspective and studies. Throughout the article, Bolick successfully and skillfully uses ethos, pathos, and logos to create a strong, convincing article. More important than the purpose of these techniques she uses independently is how Bolick uses them together, overlapping to create effective writing to inform the reader, and present her ideas on how the world around us is changing therefore, altering the idea of family and romance. In today’s world, education, the workplace, and marriage is very different from what it use to be. It is time to reevaluate marriage. As the economy evolves, we are now offered an opportunity. It is time to embrace new ideas and thoughts about romance relationships and family, acknowledging and kissing traditional marriages goodbye. Works Cited Bolick, Kate. â€Å"All The Single Ladies. † Atlantic Monthly (10727825) 308. 4 (2011): 116-136. Academic Search Premier. Web. 5 Nov. 2012. How to cite â€Å"All the Single Ladies† by Kate Bolick (Rhetorical), Papers

Confide by Confide free essay sample

Confide, a hardcore act originating from Los Angeles, California, has recently made a name for themselves through the use of MySpace and the bands in which they have been touring with. Formed in 2004, they started off with releasing two EPs, â€Å"Innocence Surround† and â€Å"Introduction.† Their first full length was not released until June 2008. It was titled â€Å"Shout the Truth† and was produced by label Science Records. After the release of their debut video â€Å"If We Were a Sinking Ship,† in late 2008, they were signed onto Tragic Hero Records. This led to big tours around the United States for the young band. In 2009, they announced a rerelease of their first full length, â€Å"Shout the Truth.† But, this would contain 3 bonus tracks. One in which was the very popular cover of the song â€Å"Such Great Heights†, originally performed by the band, The Postal Service. After the release, they headlined a tour alongside other bands of t heir genre. We will write a custom essay sample on Confide by Confide or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I came across this band while browsing the â€Å"Recommended for you† area on YouTube. The first video I saw of theirs was Such Great Heights. I instantly had to have it on my iPod. I would non stop play it for weeks. I soon realized that I was not alone. It had become a phenomenon across my range of friends. Remember, the genre in which Confide belongs to is one that is hard to adjust to or like. But, for those that enjoy this music or something like it, will find searching up Confide as something worth doing.

Third Amendment Paper and Case Essay Essay Example

Third Amendment Paper and Case Essay Paper The 3rd amendment provinces that No Soldier shall. in clip of peace be quartered in any house. without the consent of the Owner. nor in clip of war. but in a mode to be prescribed by jurisprudence. This means that no 1 should be evicted because some soldiers want to remain someplace. The soldiers are merely allowed to remain in a person’s abode if the proprietors consent to it. By seting this amendment in The Bill of Rights it limited the power the armed forces could hold. The historical case in points that existed before this amendment was created were that British soldiers were come ining people’s abodes and began to populate at that place. This non merely invaded the people populating the places privacy but it created tenseness and a manner for the soldiers to descry on the enemy. We will write a custom essay sample on Third Amendment Paper and Case Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Third Amendment Paper and Case Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Third Amendment Paper and Case Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Engblom v. Carey is the lone known and documented instance that violates the 3rd amendment right. Engblom v. Carey was a U. S. tribunal instance decided by the Second Circuit Court of Appeals. Hugh L. Carey was being sued because he evicted province penitentiary functionaries so he could house the National Guard. This was because the functionaries were on work stoppage and the National Guard were functioning as impermanent guards. Though this instance was clearly against Carey he came out on top. I believe that Carey should hold lost the instance because it clearly states in the 3rd amendment that soldiers shall non be quartered in 1s house without the proprietors consent. The instance is the same instance as the instance discussed in place paper one. The ground for that is that there is merely one known instance associating to the 3rd amendment. This amendment does non hold any benefits nor does it hold any drawbacks on today’s society. There are no wars or conflicts being fought today in the U. S. and that gives us no demand to one-fourth soldiers in 1s abode. Since there is no necessity to house soldiers in the U. S. in 1s abode it does non impact me in any manner nor has it affected many others.

Compare and contrast Nathaniel Hawthornes use of symbols in The Ministers Black Veil and The Birthmark.

Compare and contrast Nathaniel Hawthornes use of symbols in The Ministers Black Veil and The Birthmark. In both The Minister’s Black veil and The Birthmark, Hawthorne’s use symbolism of symbolism is conspicuous. In The Birthmark he says, â€Å"The crimson hand expressed the ineludible gripe in which mortality clutches the highest and purest of earthly mould†¦ symbol of his wifes liability to sin, sorrow, decay, and death† (Hawthorne Para. 9). Hawthorne makes it clear that he is using birthmark as a symbol of ‘mortality’, ‘decay’ and susceptibility to sin.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Compare and contrast Nathaniel Hawthornes use of symbols in The Ministers Black Veil and The Birthmark. specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More On the other side, in The Minister’s Black Veil, he says, â€Å"All through life the black veil had hung between him and the world. It had separated him from cheerful brotherhood and womans love†¦shade him from the sunshine of eternity ( Hawthorne Para. 12). The black veil here symbolizes the sin that the minister had committed with the dead mistress; that is, sex. Symbolism in these two stories touches on human failures and sinful nature. The birthmark is a sign of Georgina’s susceptibility to sin, sorrow, and mortality. As aforementioned, this birthmark shows Georgina’s indebtedness to sin and her eventual death. Men constantly found Georgian attractive because of her birthmark. Georgianas lovers were wont to say that†¦as being the visible mark of earthly imperfection (Hawthorne Para. 6). This statement makes it clear that the birthmark symbolized Georgina’s indebtedness to sin. She had ‘lovers’ and this is sinful. On the other side, the black veil worn by the minister is a symbol of his sins. Critics like Alan Poe say that, â€Å"Minister Hooper may have had an affair with the young lady who died at the beginning of the story. Coincidentally, this is the first day he wears the veil, and that a crime of dark dye, (having reference to the young lady) has been committed, is a point which only minds congenial with that of the author will perceive (Poe 188). Not even the dead maiden can stand the face of the minister for she would be â€Å"fearful of her glance (Hawthorne Para. 16). This means that there is connection between the black veil and the dead maiden and the most probably thing that could link the minister to the dead maiden is having sex which is sinful. Therefore, symbolism in these two stories stands for human indebtedness to sin. While symbolism in The Birthmark comes out clearly, in The Minister’s Black Veil, use of symbolism is ambiguous. Hawthorne makes it clear that Georgina’s birthmark is selected as a ‘symbol’ to show her indebtedness to sin.Advertising Looking for essay on comparative literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More However, the s ymbolism of the black veil worn by the minister represents â€Å"symbol of symbols†. â€Å"The Minister’s Black Veil introduced the notion that Hooper’s black veil functioned as a â€Å"symbol of symbols,† since its meaning could never be ultimately determined† (Carnochan 9). Therefore, the contrasting feature of symbolism as used in these two stories comes out clearly, by considering the preciseness of the meaning of the symbols used. Birthmark clearly represents Georgina’s indebtedness to sin; however, the black veil may mean anything depending on the view of the reader. Hawthorne’s use of symbolism comes out clearly in The Minister’s Black Veil and The Birthmark. Georgina’s birthmark is a sign of her obligation to sin; she had lovers who admired her because of the birthmark, which is sinful. Moreover, her husband points that the birthmark shows her earthly imperfection. The black veil worn by the minister symbolizes h is sins; he had an affair with the dead maiden. However, while the meaning of the birthmark comes out clearly, the black veil worn by the minister may mean, symbol of symbols†. The use of black veil as ‘symbol of symbols’ indicates ambiguity of the same; the only contrasting feature in the use of symbolism in these two stories. Carnochan, Winston. â€Å"The Minister’s Black Veil: Symbol, Meaning, and the Context of Hawthorne’s Art.† New York; California University Press, 1969. Hawthorne, Nathaniel. â€Å"The Birthmark.† The Literature Network. 2010. Web. online-literature.com/london/125/ Hawthorne, Nathaniel. â€Å"The Minister’s Black Veil.† The Literature Network. 2010. Web. online-literature.com/london/126/Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Compare and contrast Nathaniel Hawthornes use of symbols in The Ministers Black Veil and The Birthmark. specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Poe, Allan. â€Å"The Works of the Late Edgar Allan Poe: Nathaniel Hawthorne.† Griswold, Rufus. Ed. New York: Blakeman Mason, 1859.

Assignment 2 MJTJM Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Assignment 2 MJTJM - Essay Example As a result, she developed an autonomous face generating and categorizing software, with which she gave unique presentations of the human face. The artist produces and displays artworks from DNA extracts of people from leftovers of substances such as cigarettes, chewing gums, and other items. Her work depicts the importance of scientific approaches to art. For instance, Dewey-Hagborg uses computer and laboratory technology to generate 3-D images of people from the extracts that she collects from public places. This work reviews one of her artistic pieces of work called Stranger Visions, which lasted from 2012 to 2014. The portrait reveals a scientific approach to human identity and the fact that the DNA codes represent genetic information of individuals. Precisely, the DNA is a carrier of genetic information concerning information and technology can decode the information to reveal identities of people. Strange Visions is a collection of portraits that the artist made from an assembly of DNA information from collected specimen of individuals. The portraits reveal that the DNA is found in people’s bodies. Its transmission is through anything that an individual comes in conduct with. At the same time, the work indicates that many people do not have the consciousness that they leave trails of their genetic information in almost all the places they visit. Another aspect of the DNA in the artwork is the fact that it provides essential information on crime detection. For instance, there are possibilities of constructing the exact identities of individuals from an analysis of collected specimens from a crime scene. For such a reason, the artist drives a sense of caution in individuals because she confirms through her work that tracking crime is that easy. For example, the art reveals all the facial aspects of the individuals from which she collects her specimen. Strange

Commercial Aircraft Marketing to Carriers Research Paper

Commercial Aircraft Marketing to Carriers - Research Paper Example Apart from increased level of globalization, the factor concerning gaining momentum of internationalization also made the business market much complex as well as competitive at large. From the overall analysis, it can be affirmed that marketing techniques along with procedures are often viewed to be the imperative aspects of an organizations’ life cycle. The main importance of implementing a proper and an effectual marketing strategy is to deliver active support to an organization towards fulfilling its expected business targets by a greater level. With this concern, it has been viewed that the aircraft manufacturers also uses certain significant marketing techniques along with procedures in order to market their respective aircrafts to potential customers. In this respect, the marketing techniques as well as the procedures that used by the aircraft manufacturers have been viewed to be product innovation, technological development, effective fleet planning, and enhancing environmental performance among others. The aircraft manufacturers strongly believes that with proper and effective adoption as well as exploitation of the aforesaid marketing techniques, they can successfully market their products to their respective potential customers by a considerable level. Thus, it can be concluded that the aforementioned marketing techniques and procedures can support the different aircraft manufacturers towards attaining greater competitive position and most vitally to sustain in this competitive landscape. ... partment of any aircraft manufacturer to analyze the market demand and prepare a blue print of what is needed by its potential aircraft manufacturers. It has been apparently observed that the aircraft manufacturers often execute the aspect of fleet planning as one of the effective marketing techniques as well as procedures for the purpose of attracting along with retaining their potential customers in terms of panning their purchase of new aircrafts efficiently (Avjobs.Inc., â€Å"Airline Economics†). Technology Development In terms of technological development, it has been apparently observed that major aircraft manufacturers often engages in introducing, executing as well as developing pioneering technologies in order to market their aircrafts to different potential airline customers. The formation of the new technologies along with the pioneering production plants has eventually supported the aircraft manufacturers to attain their respective predetermined business targets. Apart from marketing the products i.e. the aircrafts, the aircraft manufactures are often viewed to develop innovative technologies for the purpose of lessening operational costs along with overheads by a considerable level. This ultimately supports them to attain superior competitive position in the respective industry. Relating to this significant aspect of technology development, the aircraft manufacturers have been viewed to be manufacturing numerous aircrafts that possesses greater operational effectiveness as well as superior performance levels in order to market those to their respective potential customers by a significant level. It is worth mentioning that the technological development or the technological innovations not only supported the different aircraft manufacturers towards

History ID's Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

History ID's - Assignment Example laid the ground for World War 2 because it is considered to be the main cause for the rise of the Nazis in Germany and it was violated by Germany due to the strict restrictions laid upon the nation. President Warren G. Harding was the president of the United States of America from 1921 to 1923. He just stayed for two years in rule because of his death in 1923 due to a heart attack. Warren G. Harding won his elections with the promise that he would pull America out of the war and its effects. He kept his word and proved to provide good economic policies for the country which included the formation of the federal budget bureau. He supported civil rights but his government was marred by scandals and particularly it was the Teapot Dome scandal. In this scandal his interior secretary Albert Fall sold the oil reserve rights in Teapot and other significant locations for money and other personal benefits. Archduke Francis Ferdinand was the Archduke of Austria. He was born in 1863 and was assassinated in 1914. In 1889 his cousin shot himself, giving the Archduke’s father the rights to throne and making Archduke Francis Ferdinand the successor to the throne. It was in 1896 after the death of his father that he became the heir apparent to the Austria-Hungarian throne. His assassination in 1914 in Sarajevo was a very important event in the history of the world because it sparked the First World War. Francis Ferdinand was assassinated by Gavrilo Princip of Serbia. This led to a war between Austria and Serbia. Austria was backed by Germany and Italy whereas Serbia was allied with Britain, France and Russia. This war was joined by other nations of the world and hence led to the world war. Ku Klux Klan is the name given to racist groups which emerged in the United States after the American Civil War. This group was composed of extremists who considered the whites to be superior over other races. They did not believe in equal rights. They resorted to violence and started

Protein Synthesis in DNA Processes

Protein Synthesis in DNA Processes Protein synthesis is the process whereby DNA encodes for the production of amino acids and proteins. It is a very complex and precise process and as proteins make up over half of the dry mass of a cell, it is a vital process to the maintenance, growth and development of the cell. Proteins are widely used in the cell for a variety of reasons and have many different roles, for example some proteins provide structural support for cells while others act as enzymes which control cell metabolism. The formation of proteins takes place within the cytoplasm, the portion of the cell located just outside the nucleus. Proteins are formed through condensation reactions which bond amino acids together with peptide bonds in a particular sequence and the type of protein that is created is defined by the unique sequence of the amino acids. DNA and RNA are nucleic acids that are formed in the nucleotides and are both involved in the process of protein synthesis. Deoxyribonucleic acid, more commonly known as DNA, is located within the nucleus of the cell and contains the entire genetic code for an organism within its structure. DNA has two very important functions which are: to convey information from one generation of cells to the next by the process of DNA replication and to provide the information for the synthesis of proteins necessary for cellular function. Basically, DNA controls protein synthesis. The complex and precise process of protein synthesis begins within a gene, which is a distinct portion of a cells DNA. DNA is a nucleic acid which is made up of repeating monomers, called nucleotides, and in the case of DNA, these individual monomers consist of a pentose sugar, a phosphoric acid and four bases known as adenine, guanine, cytosine and thymine. DNA is a double stranded polymer, which has a twisted ladder like structure, known as a double-helix. The double-helix of DNA is formed when two polynucleotide chains join together via base-pairing between nucleotide units within the individual chains. The base pairs are joined together themselves by hydrogen bonds and the pairings join in a very specific way, for example guanine will always only join with cytosine and adenine with always only join with thymine. The sequence of these base pairs along the DNA molecule carries all the genetic information of the cell. Although the DNA does not produce the new proteins itself, it is responsible for controlling the process of protein synthesis. This is simply because DNA is far too big a structure to pass through the nucleus into the cytoplasm, so instead it sends a message to the protein making machine in the cytoplasm to start the process. It does this by sending this information via a chemical similar to DNA called ribonucleic acid (RNA). RNA is single stranded polymer of nucleotides which is formed on the DNA. There are three types of RNA found in cells, all of which are involved in process of protein synthesis. They are Messenger RNA (mRNA), Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and Transfer RNA (tRNA). Messenger RNA (mRNA) is a long, single stranded molecule which is formed into a helix on a single strand of DNA. It is manufactured in the nucleus and is a mirror copy of the part of the DNA strand on which it is formed. The messenger RNA passes through the nucleus and enters the cytoplasm where is connects with the ribosomes and acts as a template for protein synthesis. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is a large, complex molecule which is made up of both single and double helices. rRNA is formed by the genes which are situated on the DNA and is found in the cytoplasm which, when bonded with proteins, makes up the ribosomes. The difference between DNA and RNA is that DNA is a double helix consisting of two strands whereas RNA is simply a singular strand, RNA also uses uracil instead of thymine and DNA consists of a deoxyribose sugar, whereas RNA consists of a ribose sugar. Transfer RNA (tRNA) is a very small, single stranded molecule that is manufactured by the DNA in the nucleus and is primarily responsible for the transfer of amino acids. These amino acids are found in the cytoplasm, at the ribosomes and operates as an intermediary molecule between the triplet code of mRNA and the amino acid sequence of the polypeptide chain. It forms a clover-leaf shape, with one end of the chain ending in a cytosine-cytosine-adenine sequence (Toole, 1997). There are at least twenty different types of tRNA, each transporting a different amino acid and at a central point along the chain there is a significant sequence of three bases, called the anticodon. These are arranged along the appropriate codon on the mRNA during protein synthesis. All proteins are encoded for in DNA, and the unit of DNA which codes for a protein is its gene. Since amino acids are regularly found within the proteins, it can then be assumed that the amino acids must have their own code of bases on the DNA. This relationship between the bases and the amino acids is called the genetic code. There are just twenty amino acids that regularly occur in proteins and each must be coded for in the bases of the DNA. With the DNA only having four different bases present, if each were to code for a different amino acid, then only four different amino acids could be coded for. With there being twenty amino acids that occur regularly in proteins, only a code composed of three bases could satisfy the requirements for all twenty amino acids; this is called the triplet code and this triplet code is more commonly known as a codon. Out of the 64 codons can be formed, three of these designate the termination of a message and these are called stop codons (UAA, UGA, U AG) and one codon (AUG) acts as the start signal for protein synthesis. The codon is a universal code, i.e. it is the same triplet code for the same amino acids in all living organisms. As there is more than one triplet code for most amino acids, it is called a degenerate code and each triplet must be read separately and must not over-lap. For example, CUGAGCUAG is read as CUG-AGC-UAG. (Toole, 1997) Protein synthesis is the process that is concerned with transfer of the information from the triplet code on the DNA to ensure the formation of the proteins. There are four stages in the formation of the proteins, these are: synthesis of amino acids; transcription; amino acid activation and translation. The first stage, the synthesis of amino acids, is concerned with the formation of amino acids. The human body is able to synthesise amino acids, however it is not able to form the required amount therefore the remaining amino acids are supplied from the food that is ingested. The second stage, transcription, is the process where a specific region of the DNA molecule that codes for a polypeptide is copied to form a strand of mRNA. Since the DNA is far too big a structure to pass through the membrane of the nucleus itself, the process of transcription takes place within the nucleus. Firstly, a section of the DNA separates as a result of hydrogen bonds between the bases being broken, causing the DNA to unwind into single strands. One strand functions as a template and the enzyme called RNA polymerase moves along the strand attaching RNA nucleotides one at a time to the newly exposed strand on DNA. This mRNA sequence is known as the sense strand and the complementary DNA sequence which serves as the transcriptional template is known as the antisense strand. Using complimentary base pairing of nucleotides, the mRNA is an exact replica of the unused strand called the copy strand. The process of transcription continues until the polymerase reaches the stop codon and the fully formed mRNA moves out of the nuclear membrane, through the nuclear pores, to the ribosomes. The third stage, amino acid activation, is the process by which the amino acid combines with tRNA using energy from ATP. There are twenty different types of tRNA which bond with a specific amino acid and the amino acid is attached to the free end of the tRNA. The newly formed tRNA-amino acid begins to move toward the ribosomes in the cytoplasm. The fourth and final stage of protein synthesis occurs in the cytoplasm at the ribosomes, and is called translation. Translation is the means by which a specific sequence of amino acids is formed in accordance with the codons on the mRNA. Each mRNA molecule becomes attached to one or more ribosomes to form a structure called a polysome. When translation occurs, the complimentary anticodon of a tRNA-amino acid complex is attracted to the first codon on the mRNA and binds to the mRNA with hydrogen bonds between the complimentary base pairings. A second tRNA binds to the second codon of mRNA in the same way. The ribosome acts as a framework which holds the mRNA and tRNA amino acid complex together until the two amino acids are joined together by the formation of a peptide bond. As the ribosome moves along the mRNA each codon is recognised by a matching complementary tRNA which contributes its amino acid to the end of a new growing protein chain. This process continues until the ribosome reaches a stop codon, which then indicates that the polypeptide chain is finished and the polypeptide chain is then cast off. The formed polypeptides are then assembled into proteins and by this action, protein synthesis is complete. In conclusion, the DNA molecules contain a genetic code that determines which proteins are made in the body and these proteins include certain enzymes which control every biological reaction going on within the body. In simple terms, this is basically how life works.

Character Essay :: essays research papers

Character Essay Characterization, a method that an author chooses to develop his/her character, is a very important element in a story. In â€Å"Lamb to the Slaughter,† Roald Dahl, effectively develops the protagonist both directly and indirectly; however, the use of indirect characterization is more dominant because it reveals her actions and how she deals with her conflict, her words, and creating a dynamic character with her words, and her personality.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  First, she seems like a typical house-wife longing for her husband to return, but something is odd about this particular day; â€Å"There was a slow smiling air about her, and about everything she did†¦was curiously tranquil†¦the eyes, with their new placid look, seemed larger, and darker than before† (108). It was almost as if she is expecting something unusual to happen, and that she is preparing for that specific moment. In addition, her actions change from being a wife-pleasing-husband, to a self-conscious woman that knew all of a sudden, exactly what to do, as if she had been prepared for months. Also, in the beginning of the story she is described as a inoffensive, harmless person, but immediately after her husband reveals his burden, she becomes unstable and almost naturally she hits her husband. She â€Å"†¦simply walked up behind him and without any pause she swung the big frozen leg of lamb†¦and brought it down as hard as she could†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (111). And as strange as it looks, she goes somewhat through a metamorphoses, from being a content house-wife, to a maniac, possessed woman, to the point of killing her husband.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Second, she reveals through her words, her duplicity and deceitfulness by exterminating all the evidence left. When the police arrived she trying to hide evidence, asks for her husband’s whiskey, â€Å"‘Jack†¦would you mind giving me a drink?’†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢You mean this whiskey?’†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Yes, please’†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Why don’t you eat up that lamb that is in the oven?’†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (115,116), and the reader realizes that she tries to convince others with her deceitful lies, and with a concrete set of credible words, she gets away easily; â€Å"She tried a smile. It came out so peculiar†¦The voice sounded so peculiar too†¦She rehearsed it several times more†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (112). Mrs. Maloney, had thought about it even before the incident happened, for she tries to look as normal as possible, by acting it out her daily routine.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Finally, her personality creates in her a dynamic characterization, and as the reader observes it when she is talking to the shopkeeper, by saying something very odd: â€Å"’I got a nice leg of lamb from the freezer†¦I don’t much like cooking it frozen†¦but I’m taking a chance on it this time.

Psychoanalytic Personality Assessment

Psychoanalytic Personality Assessment PSY/250 Psychoanalytic Personality Assessment The psychoanalytic theory states that there are inner forces other than your awareness that affect your behavior. Sigmund Freud, Alfred Adler and Carl Jung influenced psychology with their theories making a very large impact on psychology. As the writer I will compare and contrast the theories of these three gentlemen and decide which of these theories in which I agree and which of these theories I do not agree with.Freud’s work is now the most recognized and most heavily cited in all of psychology and referenced in humanities as well. Freud emphasized on dreams and sexuality. Dreams according to Freud’s psychoanalytic theory are said to have two levels of content, manifest content and latent content. The manifest content is what a person remembers and consciously considers. The latent content is the underlying hidden meaning. This is the trademark idealism of the psychoanalytic approach to personality, in other words what we see on the surface is only a part of what really lies underneath. Friedman & Schustack 2009) In his theory â€Å"libido† was the sexual energy that was responsible for psychological tension. Freud believed that the principal driving force behind men and women’s activities was either repressed or expressed sexuality. Unfulfilled sexuality led to pathological conditions. In other words that the unconscious was the storage facility for repressed sexual desires. (Friedman, Schustack, 2009) Freud also felt that religion was just an escape and a misleading notion which was an idea that should not be spread to people, that religion was a drug of the masses.His faith was fully in the minds ability to access its unconscious thoughts, thus avoiding any psychiatric disorder. Freud viewed the unconscious as a collection of images, thoughts and experiences that an individual refused to process, which led to psychiatric problems. (Wikipedia, 2 010) On the other hand Jung disagreed on what constituted the unconscious. Jung added to Freud’s definition by stating that each individual also possessed a collective unconscious, a group of shared images and archetypes common to all humans.Jung was fascinated with symbols. He argued that there are â€Å"archetypes† among these symbols which relate common human heritage, not just individual experiences. (Wikipedia, 2010) Thus each of us has a set of common symbols within us. Jung’s neo-analytic theory also differed suggesting that â€Å"libido† was a general psychic energy that was not sexual in nature. Jung believed that sex amounted to only one of the many things that drive humans. More importantly, humans are driven by their need to achieve individuation, wholeness or full knowledge of the self.Jung quite different in his beliefs, suggests that religion was an important place of safety for the individual as he or she began the process of individuation , exploring and excepting all parts of the self, that religion was a means of communication between all types of people, because although religions differed, the archetypes and symbols remained the same. In my opinion Jung was more mythical. Adler as opposed to Freud and Jung was in a class of his own. He believed that people were social creatures, forming goals and striving to meet them.Adler saw mental health in terms of having healthy values, which affect what goals we try to achieve. He believed that inferiority complexes affected self esteem and caused a negative effect on human health. Adler argued for holism, masculinity and femininity were crucial to understanding human psychology (Friedman, Schustack, 2009). The desire of the self was offset by social and ethical demands. Adler suggested that social realm was important to psychology as was the internal realm. That the dynamics of power and compensation extend beyond sexuality, and that gender and politics were important con siderations that go beyond libido.As you can see Adler was quite the socialist and realist and emphasized the role of empathy. One of the characteristics that I agree with is the theory that dreams play a part in psychoanalytic personality. I say this because of my own personal relationship with dreams. I believe that dreams are a part of our unconscious mind, either from repressed traumatic experiences, which can contribute to nightmares, night sweats, waking up at all hours of the night, which in turn can cause emotional instability and psychiatric disorders.In the same token, I also believe that daydreaming and pleasant dreams can be healthy to ones overall mental health. Another characteristic that I agree with is the theory that parenting and childhood development plays an even greater role in personality. I believe that from the moment you are born how you are nurtured, loved, and cared for, shapes who you will become as an adult. Childhood is the most critical time in the dev elopment stages of the one’s personality. On the other hand, one of the theories that I disagree with is Freud’s libido theory.I think that he had a dark deep obsession with sex and over emphasized it, in including it in his theory. I felt he had no basis, no proof, and no real meaning in his conclusion. The only connection to personality that I believe sex would have, is if one has been through a traumatic experience such as rape, suffer from sexual identity, a sexual addiction or other sexual crisis, otherwise I feel it has no place in personality. Freud just put way too much emphasis on sex in his theory. Another Freudian theory I disagree with is that religion is just an escape and a misleading notion.I have a strong disenchantment with this, being I am a very religious person. For the most part all nations, all creeds, all walks of life on this earth, have some sort of religious views. Religion is taught to us as children and plays a very important role in how we place our values, our morals, our principals, so to exclude religion from psychoanalytic personality is preposterous. Our religion, along with our childhood development determines who we are and who we will become. Religion is the most destructive of all weapons of mass destruction, and yet Freud looks at it so nonchalantly.More people have died in the name of religion that any other causes. I know that my religion weighs heavily on my personality. The five stages of Freud’s theory are that from age 0-2 (Oral) which is the first stage, the characteristic is the mouth: sucking, biting and swallowing, the conflict is the weaning away from the mother’s breast. This stage suggests that the willing personality is preoccupied with oral activities such as eating, smoking, biting nails or drinking. The oral aggressive personality is hostile and verbally abusive using mouth based aggression.The second stage from age 2-4 (Anal) is the defecating or retaining of feces. The confli ct is toilet training. The anal personality is stingy, and has a compulsive desire for order and tidiness. This person is generally stubborn and a perfectionist. The anal expulsive personality has a lack of self control, being generally messy and careless. The third stage from ages 4-5 (Phallic) is genitals. A boy being Oedipus and a girl Electra, which is a process through which they learn to identify with the same gender parent by acting as much like that parent as possible.Boys suffer castration anxiety by believing that the father knows that they desire their mothers, and thinking that the father will castrate him. Girls suffer from penis envy, where she is attached to her mother but then shifts her attachment once she realizes her mother lacks a penis, she then desires her father but later represses her desire for her father and incorporates the value of her mother and accepts her inferiority. The fourth stage, age’s 6-puberty (Latency) is unacceptable sexual desires tha t may flow into sports and hobbies, having the same sex friends help avoid sexual feelings.This personality is relatively calm. Sexual and aggressive behavior is less active. The fifth and last stage is the Genital stage and this personality represents maturity, intellectual and artistic creativity. This personality is well adjusted and balanced. Now after all of this, are you convinced as well as I am that Freud was way off the charts? Again I say that he put much too much emphasis on sex. Freud believed and developed a series of defense mechanisms and all of his defense mechanisms shared two common properties.One in which they often appeared unconsciously and two they tended to distort, transform, or otherwise falsify reality. One of his defense mechanisms â€Å"Intellectualization† is taking on an objective viewpoint. Suppose a husband learns that his wife has an incurable disease. He tries to learn everything he can about the disease and treatment options and by doing so represses feelings of anxiety, feelings of not being able to do anything to help his wife and any feelings of anger he may be feeling.Focusing on the facts rather than the emotional content of the situation. Freud, Jung and Adler each had their own ideas when it came to psychoanalytic personality, though they did not agree on all aspects of each other’s ideas, combined they were the founding fathers of psychoanalytic personality and are still highly regarded in the field of psychology today. Their theories combined opened doors into the vastness and complexity of the human mind. I believe in the field of psychology a little of each of their theories are being practiced today.There is a little Jung, Adler and Freud in each of us as we try and decipher the human mind and human behavior. References Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. (2001). Sigmund Freud. Retrieved from http://www. iep. utm. edu Friedman, H. S. , & Schuustack, M. W. (2009). Personality: Classic Theories and Mo dern Research (4th ed. ). : Pearson Education, Inc.. Boeree, G. C. (1997,2006). Alfred Adler. Retrieved from http://webspace. ship. edu/cgboer/adler/html Psychoanalytic Personality Assessment Each individual is distinguished by their own unique personality. Personality is developed in different stages of a person life. There are several theorists who have tried to decipher the different types of personalities and determine the meaning of each. Freud, Jung, and Adler were known as sterling psychologists. Although they were sterling their views on psychology varied. To compare and contrast their psychoanalysis theories, Freud, Jung, and Adler perspectives on personality was similar but dissimilar at times. This assessment will compare and contrast psychoanalytic theories of Freud, Jung, and Adler.The assessment will also explain the two characteristics in which I agree and disagree. This assessment will describe the stages of Freud’s theory and explain characteristics of personality using these components. This assessment will conclude by describing the use of at least three Freudian defense mechanisms with real life examples. The theories Sigmund Freud, Alfred Adler , and Carl Jung shared is called psychoanalytic theories. These great men main theory was to decipher human behavior. They focused on many aspects of understanding of psychology.Their main focus was to discover a person’s previous childhood experiences and decipher the color a male of female would view a current experience. Freud established the theory that focused on psychosexual progress. Adler established human psychology. Jung established the analytical part of psychology. Freud psychoanalytical insight was broken down using three characteristics Id, ego, and superego (Friedman, Schustack, 2012). Freud describes Id as the foundation of personality. Id is demonstrated as not being affected by the external world (Friedman, Schusstack, 2012). The id hold the main physic force and motivations, which  referent urges or feelings.The second characteristic Freud describes is ego. Ego demonstrates an individual actually having to with the external world. A person ego is controll ed by real life encounters for example, going work, taking care of the children, socializing, and running daily errands. Freud believes that a person ego reflects reality principles, which are real life situations. Carl Jung believes that ego is the facet of an individual’s personality. Jung also believes the ego personality is a conscious action of self control. The third characteristic that Freud demonstrates is superego.Superego is the characteristic that joins moral values and society values. Moral values are taught by our parent who allows a person to know right from wrong. Society morals influence an individual personality by the environment that they live among. Superego is a person conscience that telling them from within what ethical decision or action you need to make (Friedman, Schustack, 2012). Carl G. Jung comes from a family line of ministers on both his mother and father side. Jung theories’ regarding personality was peculiar and somewhat different. Jung personality theories consist of a person’s thought and childhood encounters.His focal point was less on sexuality, and more on historical, spiritual, and supernatural occurrences than Freud’s psychoanalytic psychology (Friedman, Schusstack, 2012). Jung analytic psychology was geared toward three component of the mind: the conscious ego, the personal unconscious, and the collective unconscious. Jung theory on ego did resemble to Freud’s theory on ego. He believed that a person’s ego was conscious personified by the self motivation. Jung also believed that an individual develops this personality at four years of age (Friedman, Schustack, 2012). Psychoanalytic Personality Assessment Psychoanalytic Personality Assessment PSY/250 Psychoanalytic Personality Assessment The psychoanalytic theory states that there are inner forces other than your awareness that affect your behavior. Sigmund Freud, Alfred Adler and Carl Jung influenced psychology with their theories making a very large impact on psychology. As the writer I will compare and contrast the theories of these three gentlemen and decide which of these theories in which I agree and which of these theories I do not agree with.Freud’s work is now the most recognized and most heavily cited in all of psychology and referenced in humanities as well. Freud emphasized on dreams and sexuality. Dreams according to Freud’s psychoanalytic theory are said to have two levels of content, manifest content and latent content. The manifest content is what a person remembers and consciously considers. The latent content is the underlying hidden meaning. This is the trademark idealism of the psychoanalytic approach to personality, in other words what we see on the surface is only a part of what really lies underneath. Friedman & Schustack 2009) In his theory â€Å"libido† was the sexual energy that was responsible for psychological tension. Freud believed that the principal driving force behind men and women’s activities was either repressed or expressed sexuality. Unfulfilled sexuality led to pathological conditions. In other words that the unconscious was the storage facility for repressed sexual desires. (Friedman, Schustack, 2009) Freud also felt that religion was just an escape and a misleading notion which was an idea that should not be spread to people, that religion was a drug of the masses.His faith was fully in the minds ability to access its unconscious thoughts, thus avoiding any psychiatric disorder. Freud viewed the unconscious as a collection of images, thoughts and experiences that an individual refused to process, which led to psychiatric problems. (Wikipedia, 2 010) On the other hand Jung disagreed on what constituted the unconscious. Jung added to Freud’s definition by stating that each individual also possessed a collective unconscious, a group of shared images and archetypes common to all humans.Jung was fascinated with symbols. He argued that there are â€Å"archetypes† among these symbols which relate common human heritage, not just individual experiences. (Wikipedia, 2010) Thus each of us has a set of common symbols within us. Jung’s neo-analytic theory also differed suggesting that â€Å"libido† was a general psychic energy that was not sexual in nature. Jung believed that sex amounted to only one of the many things that drive humans. More importantly, humans are driven by their need to achieve individuation, wholeness or full knowledge of the self.Jung quite different in his beliefs, suggests that religion was an important place of safety for the individual as he or she began the process of individuation , exploring and excepting all parts of the self, that religion was a means of communication between all types of people, because although religions differed, the archetypes and symbols remained the same. In my opinion Jung was more mythical. Adler as opposed to Freud and Jung was in a class of his own. He believed that people were social creatures, forming goals and striving to meet them.Adler saw mental health in terms of having healthy values, which affect what goals we try to achieve. He believed that inferiority complexes affected self esteem and caused a negative effect on human health. Adler argued for holism, masculinity and femininity were crucial to understanding human psychology (Friedman, Schustack, 2009). The desire of the self was offset by social and ethical demands. Adler suggested that social realm was important to psychology as was the internal realm. That the dynamics of power and compensation extend beyond sexuality, and that gender and politics were important con siderations that go beyond libido.As you can see Adler was quite the socialist and realist and emphasized the role of empathy. One of the characteristics that I agree with is the theory that dreams play a part in psychoanalytic personality. I say this because of my own personal relationship with dreams. I believe that dreams are a part of our unconscious mind, either from repressed traumatic experiences, which can contribute to nightmares, night sweats, waking up at all hours of the night, which in turn can cause emotional instability and psychiatric disorders.In the same token, I also believe that daydreaming and pleasant dreams can be healthy to ones overall mental health. Another characteristic that I agree with is the theory that parenting and childhood development plays an even greater role in personality. I believe that from the moment you are born how you are nurtured, loved, and cared for, shapes who you will become as an adult. Childhood is the most critical time in the dev elopment stages of the one’s personality. On the other hand, one of the theories that I disagree with is Freud’s libido theory.I think that he had a dark deep obsession with sex and over emphasized it, in including it in his theory. I felt he had no basis, no proof, and no real meaning in his conclusion. The only connection to personality that I believe sex would have, is if one has been through a traumatic experience such as rape, suffer from sexual identity, a sexual addiction or other sexual crisis, otherwise I feel it has no place in personality. Freud just put way too much emphasis on sex in his theory. Another Freudian theory I disagree with is that religion is just an escape and a misleading notion.I have a strong disenchantment with this, being I am a very religious person. For the most part all nations, all creeds, all walks of life on this earth, have some sort of religious views. Religion is taught to us as children and plays a very important role in how we place our values, our morals, our principals, so to exclude religion from psychoanalytic personality is preposterous. Our religion, along with our childhood development determines who we are and who we will become. Religion is the most destructive of all weapons of mass destruction, and yet Freud looks at it so nonchalantly.More people have died in the name of religion that any other causes. I know that my religion weighs heavily on my personality. The five stages of Freud’s theory are that from age 0-2 (Oral) which is the first stage, the characteristic is the mouth: sucking, biting and swallowing, the conflict is the weaning away from the mother’s breast. This stage suggests that the willing personality is preoccupied with oral activities such as eating, smoking, biting nails or drinking. The oral aggressive personality is hostile and verbally abusive using mouth based aggression.The second stage from age 2-4 (Anal) is the defecating or retaining of feces. The confli ct is toilet training. The anal personality is stingy, and has a compulsive desire for order and tidiness. This person is generally stubborn and a perfectionist. The anal expulsive personality has a lack of self control, being generally messy and careless. The third stage from ages 4-5 (Phallic) is genitals. A boy being Oedipus and a girl Electra, which is a process through which they learn to identify with the same gender parent by acting as much like that parent as possible.Boys suffer castration anxiety by believing that the father knows that they desire their mothers, and thinking that the father will castrate him. Girls suffer from penis envy, where she is attached to her mother but then shifts her attachment once she realizes her mother lacks a penis, she then desires her father but later represses her desire for her father and incorporates the value of her mother and accepts her inferiority. The fourth stage, age’s 6-puberty (Latency) is unacceptable sexual desires tha t may flow into sports and hobbies, having the same sex friends help avoid sexual feelings.This personality is relatively calm. Sexual and aggressive behavior is less active. The fifth and last stage is the Genital stage and this personality represents maturity, intellectual and artistic creativity. This personality is well adjusted and balanced. Now after all of this, are you convinced as well as I am that Freud was way off the charts? Again I say that he put much too much emphasis on sex. Freud believed and developed a series of defense mechanisms and all of his defense mechanisms shared two common properties.One in which they often appeared unconsciously and two they tended to distort, transform, or otherwise falsify reality. One of his defense mechanisms â€Å"Intellectualization† is taking on an objective viewpoint. Suppose a husband learns that his wife has an incurable disease. He tries to learn everything he can about the disease and treatment options and by doing so represses feelings of anxiety, feelings of not being able to do anything to help his wife and any feelings of anger he may be feeling.Focusing on the facts rather than the emotional content of the situation. Freud, Jung and Adler each had their own ideas when it came to psychoanalytic personality, though they did not agree on all aspects of each other’s ideas, combined they were the founding fathers of psychoanalytic personality and are still highly regarded in the field of psychology today. Their theories combined opened doors into the vastness and complexity of the human mind. I believe in the field of psychology a little of each of their theories are being practiced today.There is a little Jung, Adler and Freud in each of us as we try and decipher the human mind and human behavior. References Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. (2001). Sigmund Freud. Retrieved from http://www. iep. utm. edu Friedman, H. S. , & Schuustack, M. W. (2009). Personality: Classic Theories and Mo dern Research (4th ed. ). : Pearson Education, Inc.. Boeree, G. C. (1997,2006). Alfred Adler. Retrieved from http://webspace. ship. edu/cgboer/adler/html

Animal Hormone Quiz

ANIMAL ORGANIZATION AND HOMEOSTASIS QUIZ ? NOTE: THIS SECTION ALSO INCLUDES THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM _____1. Which gives the correct sequence of increasing organizational complexity? ?a) organ, tissue, cell, organ system, organism ? b) cell, organ, organ system, tissue, organism c) cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism ? d) organism, tissue, cell, organ system, organ ? e) tissue, cell, organ system, organism, organ _____2. Which type of tissue lines body cavities and covers body surfaces? ?a) muscle tissue  Ã‚   b) nervous tissue  Ã‚   c) epithelial tissue  Ã‚  Ã‚   d) connective tissue ____3. Which type of tissue is responsible for contractions that allow movement of organs or the entire body? ?a) muscle tissue  Ã‚  Ã‚   b) nervous tissue  Ã‚  Ã‚   c) epithelial tissue  Ã‚   d) connective tissue _____4. Which type of tissue is responsible for receiving, interpreting, and producing a response to stimuli? ?a) muscle tissue  Ã‚  Ã‚   b) nervous tissue  Ã‚  Ã‚   c) epithelial tissue  Ã‚  Ã‚   d) connective tissue _____5. Which tissue includes bone and cartilage? ?a) muscle tissue  Ã‚   b) nervous tissue  Ã‚   c) epithelial tissue  Ã‚   d) connective tissue _____6. Which tissue includes the epidermis? a) muscle tissue  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   b) nervous tissue  Ã‚  Ã‚   c) epithelial tissue  Ã‚  Ã‚   d) connective tissue _____7. Digestive juices cannot leak between the epithelial cells lining the lumen because of ? a) muscle tissue  Ã‚   b) nervous tissue  Ã‚  Ã‚   c) epithelial tissue  Ã‚   d) connective tissue _____8. Which tissue includes blood and adipose tissue? ?a) muscle tissue  Ã‚   b) nervous tissue  Ã‚  Ã‚   c) epithelial tissue  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   d) connective tissue _____9. Which of the following statements is Not true about epithelial tissue? ?a) Flattened cells are found in squamous epithelium. ?b) Columnar epithelium is cubed-shaped with the nucleus near the upper surface of the cells. c) Simple epithelium has a single layer of cells in the tissue. ?d) Pseudostratified epithelium looks like it has multiple layers, but all the cells are attached to the same base. ?e) Epithelium lining the respiratory tract contains cilia that move particles along its surface. _____10. Which statement about epithelial tissue is Not true ? ?a) Stratified epithelium has numerous layers of cells. ?b) Epithelial tissue has one free surface and one surface attached to a basement membrane. ?c) Connections between epithelial cells include gap junctions, tight junctions, and spot ? esmosomes (adhesion junctions). ?d) Cells of the human epithelium contain a waterproof protein called keratin. ?e) Glandular epithelium that secretes its product into a duct forms the endocrine glands. _____11. Which is Not a function of connective tissue? ?a) line body surfaces and cavities ? b) bind and support body parts ? c) store energy in fat ? d) fill spaces ? e) produce blood cells _____12. Which statement about connective tissue is Not true? ?a) Connective tissue contains cells capable of differentiating into muscle and bone in animals. b) Loose connective tissue contains fibroblasts, different kinds of fibers, and a nonliving matrix. ?c) Fibrous connective tissue includes bone and cartilage. ?d) Blood is a connective tissue that contains a fluid matrix. ?e) Adipose tissue provides insulation and padding, as in skin. _____13. Which is Not a structure seen in compact bone? ?a) concentric circles of organization ? b) Haversian canals containing blood vessels and nerves. ?c) osteocytes located within lacunae ? d) bony bars and plates with irregular spaces between them ? e) cytoplasmic extensions of bone cells in canaliculi _____14. Which statement is Not true about cartilage? ?a) Cartilage cells are located in small spaces called lacunae. ?b) The matrix of cartilage includes collagen and elastic fibers. ?c) The matrix of cartilage includes calcium salts. ?d) The original skeleton of the human embryo is made of cartilage. ?e) Adults have cartilage structures that include the nose, ear, and intervertebral disks. _____15. Which statement about blood is Not true? ?a) Erythrocytes carry oxygen. ?b) Platelets are not complete cells. ?c) Platelets are involved in blood clotting. ?d) Leukocytes are involved in the body's defense against infection. e) The fluid matrix, plasma, is made by the cells in the bloodstream. _____16. Which of the following statements about muscular tissue is Not true? ?a) Skeletal muscle fibers are extremely large cells with multiple nuclei. ?b) All striated muscle is under voluntary control. ?c) Smooth muscle lacks striations. ?d) Striated muscle has bands of actin and myosin filaments perpend icular to the length of the cell. ?e) Skeletal muscle fibers form as multiple precursor cells joined to produce a single cell. _____17. Which statement about heart tissue is Not correct? a) The heart is composed mainly of cardiac muscle tissue. ?b) Cardiac muscle is not striated. ?c) Cardiac cells have a single central nucleus. ?d) Cardiac muscle movement is involuntary. _____18. The heart is made of cardiac fibers that are bound together in one interconnected mass due to ? a) shared nuclei. ?b) tight junctions. ?c) adhesion junctions (desmosomes). ?d) gap junctions. ?e) intercalated disks made of both desmosomes and gap junctions. _____19. Which statement is Not true about nervous tissue? ?a) Cells in the nervous system that conduct electrical impulses are called neurons. b) Glial cells support and protect neurons. ?c) The dendrites carry electrical impulses away from the cell body of the neuron. ?d) Nerve fibers are long axons and dendrites bound by connective tissues to form nerv es. ?e) Glial cells may provide neurons with nutrients or keep them free of cellular debris. _____20. Which structure is Not a part of the skin? ?a) stratified squamous epithelium ? b) melanocytes ? c) dermis ? d) connective tissue ? e) subcutaneous tissue _____21. The general process of gaining a tan and then losing it is best explained by which of the following? a) Melanocytes form melanin in the dead top epidermis and it is soon washed off. ?b) Melanocytes form melanin in response to sunlight but blood flow slowly carries it away. ?c) Melanocytes form melanin in response to sunlight but then reabsorb it in the absence of light. ?d) Melanocytes in the dividing layer of the epidermis produce melanin, but then cells divide and ? half are constantly being pushed to the top to flatten and be washed off. ?e) Ultraviolet light damages the subcutaneous skin cells but these dark burned cells soon are ? dissolved and replaced by healing processes. _____22. If you wash your skin and hair several times a day, you will soon have dry skin that easily ? cracks and bleeds because the oils you have removed are necessary to keep skin supple. This oil is ? a) pili secreted by arrectors. ?b) lymph secreted by lymphatic ducts. ?c) sebum secreted by sweat glands. ?d) sebum secreted by sebaceous glands. ?e) salty sweat secreted by sweat glands. _____23. Possible indications of skin cancer are ? a) an open sore that will not heal. ?b) a wart that bleeds an scabs. ?c) irregular shaped mole with grey, white, or red skin around it. ?d) All of the above are correct. e) None of the above are correct. _____24. When discussing homeostasis in body temperature, it is Not true to say that the body responds to ? a) cold by contracting the arrector pili muscles. ?b) cold by contracting skeletal muscles in shivering. ?c) cold by rerouting blood away from the skin. ?d) heat by stimulating sweat release. ?e) heat by constricting the blood vessels in the skin. ____ _25. In which of the following structures would one most likely find smooth muscle? ?a) biceps muscle  Ã‚   b) heart  Ã‚  Ã‚   c) digestive tract  Ã‚  Ã‚   d) quadriceps muscle  Ã‚  Ã‚   e) gluteus maximus muscle _____26. One type of cell communicating mechanism allows materials to pass through cells and not between them. ?This is due to the nature of the cells being in direct contact with each other. An example would be found in the ? epithelial cells of the gut and is known as a(n) ? a) tight junction  Ã‚   b) gap junction  Ã‚   c) plasmodesmata  Ã‚   d) adhesion junction  Ã‚  Ã‚   e) desmosome _____27. Haversian canals and a matrix of crystals of calcium phosphate would be found in ? a) teeth  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   b) nails  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   c) hooves  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   d) bone  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   e) cartilage _____28. Cuboidal epithelium would be found ? a) in the walls of the heart. b) in the knees and other joints as well as in the nose and tracheal rings. ?c) on the surface of the skin. ?d) lining glands and kidney tubules, and covering the ovaries. ?e) in tendons and the sheath around voluntary muscles. _____29. An example of a positive feedback loop would be ? a) a rise in body temperatur e causing a dilation of blood vessels in the skin. ?b) the patellar reflex. ?c) the production of epithelial cells to heal a cut. ?d) blood clotting. ?e) constriction of the iris of the eye in bright light. _____30. Intercellular junctions are important in both plants and animals. Which of the ? ollowing is Not used by animals as junctions? ?a) tight junctions ? b) plasmodesmata ? c) desmosomes ? d) gap junctions ? e) communicating junctions _____31. Of the items listed, which is Not required for maintenance of life? ?a) water  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   b) food  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   c) carbon dioxide  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   d) pressure _____32. Homeostasis refers to ? a) changing external conditions. b) stable external conditions. ?c) changing internal conditions. d) stable internal conditions. _____33. Which of the following is Not one of the four basic types of body tissues? ?a) epithelial  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   b) connective  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   c) brain  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   d) muscle  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   e) nervous ____34. A basement membrane occurs between ? a) muscle and nerve tissue. b) epithelial and connective tissue. ?c) connective tissue and muscle tissue  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   d) brain and nerve tissue. _____35. Epithelial tissue functions in ? a) secretion  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   b) absorption  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   c)   protection  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   d)   All of the above. _____36. The muscle tissue that can be consciously controlled is ? a) smooth  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   b) skeletal  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   c) cardiac  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   d) intercalated  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   e) None of these. _____37. Which of the following is Not a characteristic of nerve tissue? ?a) It is found in the brain, spinal cord, and nerves. b) It contains cells that respond by transmitting impulses. ?c) Its intercellular spaces are filled with collagen. ?d) Functional cells are sensitive to changes in their surrounding. _____38. Permanent wrinkling of skin is usually due to changes caused by excessive exposure to ? a) water  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   b) sunlight  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   c) dry air  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   d)   heat _____39. Which of the following cell types are least likely to reproduce? ?a) endothelial cells that line the digestive tract. b) fibroblasts of connective tissue. ?c) skeletal muscle cells. d)   red bone marrow cells. _____40. The subcutaneous layer is located ? a) above the epidermis. b) between the epidermis and dermis. ?c) within the dermis. d) beneath the dermis. _____41. Which of the following is Not correct concerning the skin? ?a) The dermis is usually thicker than the epidermis. ?b) The epidermis is composed of stratified squamous epithelium. ?c) The subcutaneous layer is between the dermis and epidermis. ?d) The dermis contains smooth muscle and nerve tissue. _____42. Exocrine sweat glands ? a) are most common in the armpits and groin. ?b) respond primarily to elevated body temperature. c) respond primarily to emotional stress. ?d) usually are associated with hair follicles. _____43. Acne is a disorder involving the ? a) sweat glands   b) hair follicles  Ã‚   c) sebaceous glands  Ã‚  Ã‚   d) apocrine glands  Ã‚   e) endocrine glands _____44. Skin cells play an important role in the production of ? a) vitamin A  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   b) vitamin B  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   c) vitamin C  Ã‚  Ã‚   d) vit amin D  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   e) vitamin E _____45. The largest organ of the human body is the ? a) brain  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   b) liver  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   c) stomach  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   d) skin  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   e) lungs _____46. Keratin ? a) is a waterproof protein. b) fills dead cells in the dermis. c) is a skin pigment. d) All of the above are true. _____47. The dermis ? a) covers the epidermis. b) produces melanin. ?c) contains nervous tissue and blood vessels. d) consists mostly of dead cells. _____48. Which of the following is secreted by sebaceous glands in the skin? ?a) melanin  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   b) sebum  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   c) keratin  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   d) sweat _____49. Hair and nails are composed primarily of ? a) sebum  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   b) keratin  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   c) melanin  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   d) glands  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   e) living cells _____50. Hair color and skin color are determined by ? a) keratin  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   b) sebum  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   c) melanin  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   d) glands

Sensory adaptation Essay Example

Sensory adaptation Essay Example Sensory adaptation Paper Sensory adaptation Paper Behavior rests on an understanding of the biological basis of the nervous system – the receptors. Efforts should be made to understand the relations between stimuli and sense organs and the processes associated with sense organs and their connectors, as well as the selective input called perception (Atkinson et al., 2000). While an individual gets his information about the world around him from his sense organs, his interpretation of these stimuli impinging on his senses will depend on his perception (Coren and Ward, 1989). Sensory adaptation is any reduction in sensitivity to stimulus as stimulation persists through time. Sense organs have the capacity to adapt to stimulus when such stimulus persists for quite a time (Coren and Ward, 1989; Atkinson et al., 2000). Sensory adaptation affects all of the individual’s sensing areas. For example in visual adaptation, this is due to the difference in the action between the rods and the cones. After five minutes in the dark, for instance, the sensitivity of the cones decreases. The rods continue to adapt and increasingly become more sensitive. Hence after about thirty minutes, one can distinguish things quite clearly in the dark. After coming from a dark movie theater, one may temporarily be blinded by the glare of the light from outside. Adaptation to light takes shorter than adaptation to the dark. Adaptation to light is called photopia while adaptation to dark is called scotopia (Andreassi, 1989; Atkinson et al., 2000). Theories of color vision include the Young Helmholtz theory which encompasses the Three-fiber theory and the theory of photo-chemical substances. Another is the Hering theory which is also called Opponent-colors theory, Wundt’s theory, the Von Kries theory and the Ladd-Franklin theory which help elucidate the visual phenomenon. The Young Helmholtz theory assumed that colors are but the result of combining three fundamental or primary colors – red, blue and green. Young assumed the existence of three different kinds of nervous fibers in the retina that react specifically to these colors with their corresponding preceptors in the brain center. This theory was further developed by Ludwig von Hemholtz. This was later revised to the theory of photo-chemical substances (Andreassi, 1989). On the other hand, in the auditory phenomena, several theories help explain how this occurs. Loudness for instance, according to the Place theory of pitch, is associated with spread of excitation – a more intense stimulus affecting more of the basilar membrane than a weaker one (Andreassi, 1989). In the olfactory sense aspect, not all gases react with the organ of smell to set up sensation of odor – hence, only those gases that do react are called odors or smells. The stronger the sensation of odor, the more odorous gases comes into contact with the organ of smell. Hence, one has to take a big sniff in order that the odors can penetrate up to the olfactory epithelium (Coren and Ward, 1989). While the sense of smell is highly developed in animals, it is relatively mildly developed in human beings (Coren and Ward, 1989).

Case study for entrepreneurship and small business course - 1

For entrepreneurship and small business course - Case Study Example As an innovative entrepreneur, Dave invented the turning bucket that is a signature mark outside many KFC restaurants. Dave was also flexible and self-confident when he specialized in selling hamburger. He was committed with strong drive to achieve when he went on to open hamburger restaurant despite opposition from professional bankers and financial advisers who told him, the market was saturated. He was good planner with organizational skills and strong management skills because how was able to open a chain of hamburgers. He responded to customer’s demand by offering better quality food products and expanding the menu to accommodate customers’ demand. He was willing to listen to customers in order to respond to their needs (Zimmerer, Scarborough, & Wilson, 2008). Dave’s success with the first Wendy restaurant can be attributed to the strong entrepreneurial skills and the ability to listen to customers’ demands and respond to them as quick as possible. Dave was very friendly entrepreneur who consulted bankers and other financial advisers for advice, but often made personal and independent decisions that contributed to the success of the restaurant. Another attribute that contributed to the success of the first restaurant was the specialization. Dave specialized to an area where he was most interested in hence improving quality of the food products. His invention as well provided him with free product hence saving the cost that could be used to buy the rotating bucket sign. This was also attractive to customers who became loyal to the restaurant (Zimmerer, Scarborough, & Wilson, 2008). The statement means that an entrepreneur has to diversify his targets and goals to align with the customers in order to keep their loyalty and meet their demand. Every entrepreneur has his goals for starting a business. He is, therefore, driven by commitment, independence and the ability to achieve the goals (Zimmerer,

Haas 19970 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Haas 19970 - Essay Example Since the neighbors often intended to solve problems emotionally rather than rationally, it complicated the situation further still. As I gained good experience in this field through a lot of mediation, I began to conjure up creative solutions that could solve these problems from the root. A good example of this is when one day my roommate quarreled with our neighbor for a dead rabbit in the public corridor. I not only solved the problem, but also taught them how to resolve their conflicts in a peaceful manner. During the rabbit episode, my neighbor had blamed my roommate for placing a smelly dead rabbit in the corridor, while my roommate accused him for opening her personal belongings, as the rabbit was held in her box. The heated argument led to them threatening to call the police and this is where I stepped into the picture, calmed them down and guided them to see that they both violated the other’s rights. I also told them that the best way to solve conflicts was to sort them out rationally with mutual respect for each other. Taking my bit of advice to heart, my neighbors gradually learnt the art of reasoning and duly made use of it in times of conflict. So, when another conflict arose between my roommate and the landlord, they managed to resolve it successfully in harmony, as this time they had learnt how to resolve conflicts. Therefore, teaching people how to handle conflicts, I fulfilled my ‘Mission Impossible’! My first impression of Berkeley was reflected through the eyes of my admirable uncle, a seasoned entrepreneur, who had rebuilt his company after the earthquake in Los Angeles in 1971. With his high recommendation due to his entrepreneurship at Berkeley, I started to carry out a critical research and consulted other Berkeley alumni. From the interaction, I found out that all the alumni were most proud and indebted to be part of such a distinguished university.

Norman Finkelsteins The Holocaust Industry Term Paper

Norman Finkelsteins The Holocaust Industry - Term Paper Example In 2000,Norman Finkelstein published his book The Holocaust Industry.He claims,on his webpage,that its publication â€Å"marked the beginning of the end† of his academic career. The outrage it evoked from what he calls â€Å"the Jewish-Holocaust-Israel establishment† resulted in losing his assistant professorship at Hunter College in New York City Since then, however, some of the allegations he makes in his book have turned out to be accurate, and events have occurred that have provided justification in some of the assertions he made in The Holocaust Industry, in spite of significant personal and professional loss. In The Holocaust Industry, Finkelstein, whose parents were both Holocaust survivors and inmates of concentration camps during World War II, argues that the American Jewish establishment exploits the memory of the Holocaust for financial and political gain, and to further the interests of Israel. Finklestein believes that this â€Å"Holocaust industry† has corrupted authentic memories and interpretations of the Holocaust, and has established Jewish culture as victimized. The book has been a bestseller in every part of the world except for the United States. Finkelstein believes that the American Jewish mainstream panned it, most powerfully through The New York Times, which he sees as a promotional vehicle of the powerful Jewish elite in America. To be fair to Finkelstein’s critics, though, it does seem that he had adopted the same victim mentality as those he criticizes. Historian Omer Bartov (n.p.) of Brown University accuses Finkelstein of this very thing, in his review in The New York Times Book Review, a review that Finkelstein blamed for poor sales of the book in the U.S.: I find so striking about The Holocaust Industry is that it is almost an exact copy of the arguments it seeks to expose. It is filled with precisely the kind of shrill hyperbole that Finkelstein rightly deplores in much of the current media hype over the Holocaust; it is brimming with the same indifference to historical facts, inner contradictions, strident politics and dubious contextualizations; and it oozes with the same smug sense of moral and intellectual superiority. One of the biggest criticisms of The Holocaust Industry is that it provides Holocaust deniers and anti-Semites with fodder to continue their conspiracy theories. This does not mean, however, that Finkelstein’s theories should be discounted. He has proven to be correct in his description in chapter three of the book (â€Å"The Double Shakedown†) regarding the blatant corruption of many of the lawyers and politicians involved in forcing Swiss banks to pay reparations to the Jewish survivors of the Holocaust. Most of the billions of dollars the banks agreed to pay had not even been seen by individuals yet, but rather to Jewish organizations, memorials, Holocaust education projects, and to aid with Jewish emigration from Eastern Europe (Ross n.p.). H olocaust historian Raul Hilberg has agreed with Finkelstein about the Jewish reparations, as well as his claims about forced Jewish labor, which Finkelstein insists is exaggerated to gain more sympathy for Jews and for Israel, stating that they are â€Å"conservative† and â€Å"moderate† (Finkelstein n.p.). Finkelstein believes that there are those in the American Jewish mainstream that have used the Holocaust to benefit themselves financially and politically, and to garner unshakable support for the state of Israel. He states: Indeed, the Holocaust has proven to be an indispensable ideological weapon. Through its deployment, one of the world’s most formidable military powers, with a horrendous human rights record, has cast itself as a ‘victim state,’ and the most successful ethnic group in the United States has likewise acquired victim status. Considerable dividends accrue from this specious victimhood—in particular, immunity to criticism, h owever justified (3). Finkelstein

Social Implications of Business Ethics Essay Example for Free

Social Implications of Business Ethics Essay For this part of my assignment I have been asked to describe the social implications of business ethics which face my chosen company. I will be looking at social implications such as trade unions and protest groups. I will then describe how these groups may affect my organisation. Government policies The government creates the rules behind how a business is run and how it can interact with competition and other business. The government has the ability to change these rules and also the framework which then means that the business has to change the way in which it operates. An example of when a business has had to change the way it operated due to the government is when the Malaysia government brought in a law which stated that Tesco had a five year freeze on building any more supermarkets in three major cities of the country due to the fact their presence was controversial. The article stated: Despite having been in Malaysia for a relatively short time, and having few stores, Tescos presence has been controversial and a catalyst for the implementation of stricter trading laws. As of January 2004, there is a five-year freeze on the building of any new hypermarkets in Malysias three major cities Kuala Lumpur, Penang and Johor Bahru. We have to think about whether it is ethical to bombard a third world country with all of these supermarkets. The article went on to say that due to the fact they weren’t allowed to open new stores they just extended the hours in the other supermarkets to 24hour. Is this ethical to put a 24hour Tesco in a third world country. It is going to cause noise and pollution and also a lot of controversy. Tesco have stated on their website that they plan for world domination. This is a scary thought for many people in society as these big supermarkets are becoming very powerful, in fact too powerful. In one article I found that the government had actually given in to supermarkets . The article stated: Labour has been accused of caving in to big business cronies after it was revealed that planning safe guards for Britain’s historic town centres were scrapped following pressure from the supermarket giants. The disclosure will fuel suspicion that Tesco, Sainsbury’s and Asda have a strange hold on government policy, while small business owners struggle to be heard. (www.thisismoney.co.uk ) Pressure Groups A pressure group can be described as an organised group that does not put candidates up for election, but seeks to influence government policy or legislation. The aim of all pressure groups is to influence the people who actually have the power to make decisions. Tesco has attracted recent criticism for its activities. Tesco is a massive business ,which now takes  £1 in every  £8 made in UK shops. The organisation has become very dominating and is always expanding. But this success has apparently come at a price and chief executive Terry Leahy is careful to monitor opposition to the business. The company puts it success down to the ability to meet customer demand. It is important that Tesco make sure that fears over their marketing power does not affect their business or reputation. A pressure group called friends of the earth point to Tesco’s policies of buying up large amounts of landing order to build new stores, fighting battles with local communities over planning, and bringing the company’s brand to the high street through its purchase of small convenience stores. The opposition voiced by FOE is well summarised in its report ‘calling the shots: How supermarkets get their way in planning decisions’ The key questions here are not about illegal activity, but about an erosion of democracy, with the inability of local authorities to make a decision against supermarkets. Many councillors express strong concern about the potential impact of major supermarkets on their community, but they are often unable to convert these concerns into decisions because the planning system and the strength of the supermarkets act against them. Tesco also face opposition from less mainstream pressure groups for example a group called Tescopoly, this is an online group which aims to expose and limit what they see as the market- distorting power of the business. The group points out to people when Tesco have overstepped their permission to build retail outlets or where they have admitted to breaking the planning regulations. Is it ethical that Tesco are not listening to what they have been told because they believe they are so powerful that they do not need to listen. Trade Unions A trade union is an organisation of workers that have banded together to achieve common goals such as better working conditions. The trade union through its leadership, bargains with the employer on behalf of the union members. I have found an article which shows a trade union standing forward for employees about an issue they are un happy article. The article named Tesco and Trade union at logger heads over strike taken from road transport.com reads: Tesco and the TGWU section of the Unite trade union were both claiming a success this week following three days of strike action at the supermarkets depot in Scotland over drivers pay and conditions. The union claims picket lines reduced supplies coming out of the Livingston depot by 75% and the public were behind the drivers stand against Tesco. It is now considering a national ballot for strike action. Is it ethical that Tesco employees are claiming poor working conditions for drivers? It is important to always look at two sides of every argument on the Tesco website they claim that they offer good pay to all their workers and that they always comply with health and safety regulations so working conditions are good.

Ethical Dilemma Of Exporting Capital For Production Abroad

Ethical Dilemma Of Exporting Capital For Production Abroad With ethical dilemma in association with exporting capital for production abroad I would say that companies shouldnt be made to continue operations if they are no longer profitable. In my belief, one of the main reasons corporations would export capital for production abroad would be to maximize profits to their shareholders. This would be a Libertarians way of thinking, meaning perspective is that individual well-being, prosperity, and social harmony are fostered by as much liberty as possible and as little government as necessary. (What is a Lilbertarian?) and I believe that when a business is no longer profitable executives look for ways to cut costs, and since lower wages can be paid in other countries this can bring in big savings for the company. Early in the 19th century, a utilitarian would have tended to favor free trade. I believe that nowadays the utilitarian would be for placing constraints on the export of production abroad. Since utilitarians want an economic system tha t will be bring more good to society than any other system (Shaw Barry, 2010) Corporations should be allowed to remain competitive and if that means exporting capital (after all alternatives have been exhausted) then so be it. However, I do feel that corporations have a moral responsibility to its employees and the community that they are abandoning. Utilitarian theory is to produce the greatest good over bad for a greater number of people. Exporting capital for production overseas has helped tremendously in the development of other countries. Lending money on the other hand to other countries can condemn them to impoverishment for the near future (Shaw Barry, 2010) Companies should be figuring out the benefit and cost for both the immediate and future outcomes. A Utilitarian does not necessarily mean that the right action is the one that returns the greatest, but the principle is to maximize the greatest benefits for all. An ethical dilemma that is associated with exporting banned products is simply the fact that people can be injured or even die as a result in using this banned product. Therefore, with this in mind, I would definitely say that constraints should be placed on the exportation of products banned in the U.S. To support my decision, I will use the ethical theory by German philosopher, Immanuel Kant for my justification. Kants ethical theory is based on the theory that moral issues can, in principle, be known because of reason alone and are not based on observation. In contrast to Utilitarianism and other consequentialist doctrines, Kants ethical theory holds that we do not have to know anything about the likely results of, say, my telling a lie to my boss in order to know that it is immoral. The basis of obligation must not be sought in human nature, or in the circumstances of the world. It should be a priori, by which he meant that moral reasoning is not based on factual knowledge and t hat reason by itself can reveal the basic principles of mortality.(Shaw Barry, 2010, p. 69) However, the argument that the benefits of exporting supplies with the possibility of misuse is that the good outweighs the bad. In other words, the betterment that can be realized from a product if it is used properly outweighs the bad that can result from misuse. For this reason, I feel that some constraints should be placed on the freedom to export commodities that have the potential for misuse and Utilitarianism, a consequentialist theory, will support my statement. I think that one point that supports the theory of Utilitarianism is the fact that utilitarians wish to maximize happiness not simply immediately but in the long run as well. (Shaw Barry, 2010) Kants ethics gives us firm standards that do not depend on results, and gives us a moral decision, making it the importance of acting on principle and from a sense of duty. I would believe that if banned in the U.S. that should be reason enough. If they are not good enough for our country, then why should they be any different anywhere else? Kants theory also applies here, by saying that an act is right only if the actor would be willing to be treated the same if the position of the parties the other way around. (Shaw Barry, 2010) Kant is best known for defending a version of the respect for persons principle which implies that any business practice that puts money on a par with people is immoral. Ethical problems have a negative impact upon people in ways that are in their control. They may hurt or cause harm to others that might be unwarranted. The ethical problem becomes more difficult if it results in different outcomes, with benefits for some and damages or harm for others. Therefore, through downsizing the company may achieve better financial results and profitability in order to cope with increasing competition or declining market. According to an article, I was reading in Business Week, Anytime were faced with a decision that can affect the rights or well-being of others, were looking at an ethical issue. No matter how strong the justifications for reducing the workforce are or seem to be, laying off loyal and productive employees is an upsetting experience for all concerned, and those on the receiving end face not just financial but psychological injury. (Bruce Weinstein, 2008) From any realistic ethical perspective, the answer is always a yes. A company that provides no jobs and no benefits has a net worth of absolutely nothing at best, and is harmful at worst, as people have invested their lives in the venture, and will have to seek employment elsewhere, presumably from a similar industry, which is probably also suffering in most cases. I dont mean to be offensive or contrarian or critical, but I think a better question would be: Should a business be allowed to downsize in the face of economic difficulty if it could afford to do otherwise? In that case the answer from a rule utilitarian perspective becomes much more difficult, and depends upon a number of factors. Is nonprofit ability sustainable for an acceptable length of time? Is the potential for investment and growth going to provide greater benefit than downsizing? Im not sure that rule utilitarianism can even answer this question. I think act utilitarianism would be better suited, and in the case of the second question, my answer would no. As for breaking a union contract, I think that this is a tough one for rule utilitarianism. From the level of the contract, it is not acceptable, as it violates the rules presumably set forth for the greatest benefit of all. Then again, if breaking the contract can save jobs, rule utilitarianism has defeated itself. From the rule perspective, my answer would be no, as there are without a doubt provisions for negotiation that can be used to redefine the rules in case of a crisis. A job that pays you less is better than no job at all under either form of utilitarianism.